The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay

The Sewerage System In Malaysia Construction Essay Sewerage systems are one of the most important infrastructures in construction of residential, industrial or commercial project as it determines the quality of life enjoyed by a community. It consists of a network of underground sewer pipes, pump stations, sewage treatment plants and sludge treatment facilities. This system usually operates based on by gravity due to the slope of the pipe which reduces the high cost required for pumping. Sewers are further classified into a few categories, which depend on the type of wastewater that each of it carries. For example, storm sewers are designed to carry stormwater from roofs, paved areas, pavements and roads; industrial sewers are designed to carry wastewater generate from the industry; sanitary sewers are designed to carry the waste water from cooking and washing and the wastes from toilets. There is another type of sewer which is known as combined sewers. These types of sewers are designed to carry stormwater, industrial wastes, and domestic sewage. In Malaysia, many towns and cities use the separate sewer system. The wastewater is transported in separate pipes from storm sewers, industrial sewers and sanitary sewers. This system will not experience CSOs (Combine Sewer Overflows) which usually happen to combined sewer. The flooding will cause by stormwater only. Sewerage system is very important as it helps people to transport the wastes or sewage away from their places. Therefore, the system must be functioning well because improper functioning system will lead to pollution and contamination of various aspects of our surrounding which affect human life and health. Hence, regular maintenance must be done to the existing sewerage system and appropriate design must be applied to the new sewerage systems to ensure the sewerage systems are in good condition. The efficiency of the sewerage system is affected by the flow of the wastewater. In designing a sewerage system, the type and size of the pipe to be used must be able to accommodate the peak flow. The peak flow is based on the population equivalent which is a direct measurement of the population in an area. When designing the sewerage, there is a standard and criteria that should be followed. The standard code of practice for sewerage design in Malaysia (MS 1228:1991) was adopted from British Standard; BS 8005:1987. However, British Standard may not be as applicable to Malaysia due to the season and climate factor which have direct effect on the peak flow. This is the main reason of doing this research to find out whether the standard is suitable to be used in Malaysia. Problem Statement Any sewerage system will be designed to carry a certain amount of sewage based on the population equivalent (PE). In sewerage design, the per capita flow and the peak flow rate (Qpeak) are important parameters. Based on British Standard, the per capita flow is 225L/day/person and the peak flow factor, K is 4.7. However, a previous study indicated lower per capita flow and peak flow factor in the sewerage system in Malaysia although no conclusive results were obtained (Dayalan, 2007). A lower peak flow factor will result in smaller pipes which will incur lower cost. Therefore, further research is needed to study the suitability of current design criteria for sewerage system located in tropical climates. 1.3Research Objectives The objectives of the study are: To obtain flow data from pre-determined sewer tributary area. To evaluate the parameter in the peak flow factor equation for medium scale sewerage catchment system. To determine the relationship between population of an area to the peak flow of sewerage system. 1.4 Scope of Research To collect relevant information of sewerage design from selected literatures. To find out relevant formula provided in selected codes for sewerage design. To study the peak flow factor in sewer line that serve the PE value of 1000-10000. To measure flow characteristics by using flow meter with build-in sensor in manholes at Tropicana Indah. To compare the results obtained with the formula in the standard code. To make recommendation on the feasibility of the code formula to tropical climate. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sewerage System in Malaysia The sewerage system is designed to collect wastewater or foul sewage generated from residential, industrial and commercial areas through sewer pipes and discharges it to the treatment plants or facilities to ensure the sewage is released to the natural water bodies in an appropriate condition and quality (Geoffrey, 2004). In Malaysia, sewerage systems range from simple toilet with little or no treatment provided to modern sewage treatment plants that treat the sewage to the desired quality accordance to environment standard. There are two main types of sewerage system in Malaysia. A premise sewerage system is either connected to a public sewage treatment plant or an individual septic tank. Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) is responsible to provide service and maintenance to public sewage treatment plants and all the underground pipes and also provide desludging services to individual septic tanks (Abd Aziz, 2006). IWK decided to divide the underground pipe into two sections, public pipe and private pipe (Figure 2.1) to make sure that all underground pipes operate without any problem. Public pipe is under the responsibility of IWK and the private pipe is under individual responsibility. An individual have to pay for the IWK services when the private pipe need for servicing. (Abd Aziz, 2006). http://www.usj23.com/planet_free/sewage_system/Sewage%20System.jpg Figure 2.1 Flow of wastewater from private pipe to public pipe (USJ 23 Residence 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater Wastewater is usually transported through sewer pipes that are connected to the sewer mains by clay, cast-iron, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes that range from 80-100mm diameter. The large sewer mains can be located about 1.8m deep or more than that along the centerline of a street or pathway. The small and large sewer pipes are made by different material, in which the smaller sewer pipes are made of clay, concrete, or asbestos cement, and the large sewer pipes are made of reinforced concrete construction. The flow of wastewater is different from water-supply system. The water supply is transported to each house by the application of pressure. However, the wastewater from each house is flows through sewer pipes by gravity. Therefore, the sewer pipe must laid on slope surface to allow the wastewater to flow at a velocity of at least 0.8m/s and not more than 4m/s. (MS1228:1991). If the wastewater flows at velocity lower than 0.8m/s, the solid material tends to settle in the pipe whic h will lead to blockage. Storm-water mains have similar structure as sanitary sewers but they have a much larger diameter than sanitary sewers. In certain places, the urban sewer mains are connected to interceptor sewers, which can then join to form a trunk line. The trunk line will then discharge the wastewater into the wastewater-treatment plant. This transportation process is shown in Figure 2.2. As the interceptors and trunk lines will carry the wastewater discharge from sewer main, they are usually made of brick or reinforced concrete which can carry more load than the other pipe. Sometimes, they are large enough for a truck to pass through them. (Norhan Abd Rahman et.al, 2007) http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module21/images/CombinedSewer.jpg Figure 2.2 Transportation of Wastewater (Michigan Environmental Education Curriculum, Wastewater Treatment) 2.3 Concept Theory In designing a sewerage pipe network, the pump stations and sewage treatment plants are required to carry and pump volumetric flow rate. The flow rates are usually measured in cubic meter per second (m3/s) and need to be calculated for both existing land use and for expected future development. There are two parameters that are used to calculate expected flow rates. One of the parameters is per capita flow. This per capita flow of 225L/person/day is an average daily flow, which means a person will produce 225 liters of sewage in a day. Another design parameter named population equivalent (PE) of a catchment can also be used to calculate the flow rate. PE is not a measure of population. However, it is used to measure the estimated number of people that use the sewage facilities. In residential areas, the PE is a direct measurement of the population in an area which is calculated as five per dwelling. The PE has a different method of measurement in commercial area. It is calculated fro m the floor area and this PE value is considered to be proportional to the number of people using a premise during the day which does not reflect the population living in an area. 2.4 Quantity for Wastewater 2.4.1 Tributary Area Tributary area is an area from where the wastewater is being transported to a particular sewer section. The types of activities in that area determine the quantity of wastewater being collected by a particular section. A survey has to be done when there is no information available on existing areas in order to determine the number and classification of persons and the types of industries. (Guyer, 2010) Table 2.1 shows the method of calculating the PE. Table 2.1 Equivalent Population, PE (MS1228:1991) No. Type of Premises/Establishment Population Equivalent (recommended) 1 Residential 5 per unit 2 Commercial: (include entertainment/recreational centres, restaurants, cafeteria, theatres) 3 per 100m gross area 3 School/Educational Institutions: Day schools/institutions 0.2 per student Full residential 1 per student Partial residential 0.2 per student for non-residential student and 1 per student for residential student 4 Hospitals 4 per bed 5 Hotels (with dining and laundry facilities) 4 per room 6 Factories (excluding process wastes) 0.3 per staff 7 Market (Wet Type) 3 per stall 8 Petrol kiosks/Service stations 18 per service bay 9 Bus terminal 4 per bus bay 2.4.2 Sanitary/Domestic Wastes 2.4.2.1 Contributing Population In designing the flow, the population to be used depends on the location of the sewer. The design population in a residential area is based on the number of houses served. However, the design population for an industrial area is the maximum number of staff ever employed. The design population for sewers that serve both residential and industrial areas include residents and non-residents. Designing of these sewers denote that no person should be counted more than once. Allowances should be made for future population changes caused by master planning projections and facility personnel requirements. (Guyer, 2010) 2.4.2.2 Average Daily Flow The average daily flow is counted by multiplying the population equivalent from resident and non-resident with the appropriate per capita flow and adding the two flows generated from both resident and non-resident. The average daily flow shows the total volume of waste generated over a 24-hour period. It cannot be used for wastes that were generated over shorter periods of 8, 10, 12 hours, etc. Therefore, it can only be used for designing sewers that generate wastewater over a 24-hour period (e.g. residential area). In Malaysia, the average daily flow for residential area is usually taken as 225L/person/day. In industrial areas, the average daily flow is taken as 115L/person/day as non-resident personnel and employees is working for 8-hour shifts. These quantities are usually used in designing wastewater treatment facilities. However, they are also used for sizing interceptors, trunk sewers and pumping stations serving large portions of the installation. (Guyer, 2010) 2.4.2.3 Average Hourly Flow Rate Average hourly flow rate is used for designing sewers that serve small areas of the installation (e.g. industrial area), where most of the wastewater is generated by non-residents or other short term occupants. The average hourly flow rate is counted based on the actual period of waste generation. For example, 1000 non-residents with an average daily flow of 115L/person/day would generate 115,000 liters in 8 hours which is equivalent to an average hourly flow rate of 14,375 L/h or 345,000 L/d. However, the average daily flow would still be 115,000 L/d. Therefore, the sewer must be designed hydraulically to carry 115,000 liters of waste in 8 hours instead of 24 hours (Guyer, 2010). If the sewer is designed to carry a waste of 115,000 liters in 24 hours, then the sewer pipe will not be able to transport the wastes as the actual volume of wastes generated is more than the design waste. This will lead to the blockage of sewer pipes and overflow in the toilet. 2.5 Design Wastewater Flow The design flow of wastewater must be determined for any section of a proposed sewer. The design flow is not only based on sanitary sewage; industrial flows, inflow and infiltration must also be taken into account. The following shows the equation to determine the peak flow factor and the factor to be considered in sewerage design. 2.5.1 Design Equations The peak flow required to design sewers, pumping station and treatment facilities are calculated by the following equation: Peak flow factor = 4.7 x p-0.11 p Estimated equivalent population, in thousand. The sewers are designed based on peak flow to ensure that the sewer pipes would be able to accommodate the wastewater generated at any time. 2.5.2 Factors Affecting Sewer Design In designing sewers, there are a few factors as stated in MS1228:1991 that must be taken into consideration: Economy in the design The sewers should be kept as short as possible and avoid unproductive lengths. Shallow rider sewers can be laid under highways having expensive foundations and surfaces to receive the local house connection, and to connect the riders at convenient points into the main sewers. Location of sewers The sewers should be placed within streets or right-of-way to ease the maintenance work. If topography dictates, the sewer is to be located within private properties, and provide adequate access for maintenance purposes. Location or the position of other existing or proposed service lines, building foundation, etc for maintenance purposes. A minimum at 3 m horizontal and 1m vertical separation from the water main should be provided to avoid the sewage from entering the water main. The impact of sewer construction and subsequent maintenance activities towards road users. Hydraulic Design The sewers should be laid at such gradients to produce adequate velocities to convey the solid matter. The gradient should produce a minimum velocity of not less than 0.8 m/s and a maximum velocity of not more than 4.0 m/s to avoid scouring of sewer by erosion action of suspended solid. Structural Design The depth of sewers must be adequate to accommodate the sewage from existing and future properties. The minimum depth should be 1.2 m. The minimum size of the sewer should be 200 mm in diameter in order to convey raw sewage. Straight alignment and uniform gradient between consecutive manholes should be laid for sewers of 600 mm or less in internal diameter while curves can be laid for sewers of larger than 600 mm internal diameter. Flexible type and watertight joints should be provided between sewers, sewer manhole or other appurtenance structure to avoid infiltration and breakage due to differential settlement. The foundation should be able to maintain the pipe in proper alignment and carry the weight of soil above the sewer and any other superimposed load. Service Connection The diameter of the connection must be adequate enough to prevent blockage problems. The sewer must have a minimum gradient of 2%. The minimum size of the connection should be 150 mm. Tee junction should be used to connect service connection to the main sewer. 2.5.2.1 Gravity Sewer Design Sewers are designed to convey the wastewater flows as required. Generally, it is not recommended to design the sewers for full flow, even at peak rates as the chances for problem arising are high. The flows that cover above 90% to 95% of full depths are considered unstable which may lead to sudden loss of carrying capacity with surcharging at manholes as shown in Figure 2.2 (Guyer, 2010). Surcharging means that the pipe that is designed to flow full or partly full, is now transporting the flow under pressure. When the flow exceeds the design capacity, there will be surcharge in the manholes (David and John, 2011). Besides that, large trunk and interceptor sewers laid on flat slopes experience less fluctuation in flow. If it is designed to flow full, the sewers may lack sufficient air space above the liquid for proper ventilation. Ventilation in sewer is important in preventing the buildup of explosive, corrosive or odorous gases, and for reducing the formation of hydrogen sulfide. Th us, the depth of design flow for trunk and interceptor sewers should not exceed 90% of full depth; laterals and main sewers, 80%; and building connections, 70%. Regardless of flow and depth, the minimum sizes of sewer pipes to be used are 150 mm for service connections and 200 mm for all other sewer types. The sewer pipes for service connections are usually smaller than 150 mm as they only convey liquids with little or no solids (e.g. condensate lines). A condensate line of more than 100 mm is recommended for most situations. Same design criteria as sanitary sewers can be applied to industrial application except pipe material that is resistant to the waste are to be specified. (Guyer, 2010) Figure 2.2 (a) Part-full pipe flow without surcharge (b) Pipe flow with surcharge (David and John, 2011) 2.6 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer There are many types of material which can be used for sewerage construction. However, the type of materials that we choose must depend on its life expectancy, previous local experience, roughness coefficient, structural strength and local availability. Table 2.2 shows the common materials that are suitable for sanitary sewers. Sewer pipes made by different material have different diameters and lengths. Table 2.2 Pipe Materials for Gravity Sewer Types of Pipe Material Length (m) Diameter (mm) Pipe Joints Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) 0.6 1.0 100 300 Flexible Reinforced concrete pipe 1.83 150 3000 Spigot socket type with rubber rings > 375mm diameter 3.05 Fabricated steel with sulphates resistance cement lining 9 100 1500 Spigot socket, flange and mechanical > 750mm diameter Welded joints Cast iron 3.66 Vary Flange and spigot socket type Asbestos cement pipe 4 100 600 Plastic pipe 6 110 630 Spigot end and socket type with rubber seals, jointing by flanges, welding and solvent cementing Other material CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In this research, a field work will be conducted to get the information that will be used to reach the objectives of this research. 3.2 Preliminary Works This is the initial works that has to be done before conducting the field work at site. It includes information gathering on the topic of sewerage design and self-study on similar and related topics in order to learn more. 3.2.1 Information Gathering A series of books, articles and online information has to be studied to obtain information on the topic of sewerage design. Sources for sewerage design mostly come from abroad. However, the information on the method to evaluate the design criteria is obtained from related research by a local university. 3.2.2 Standard Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems (MS1228:1991) With the reference to this code book, the design criteria and the factors to be considered for sewerage design is obtained. The equations to calculate the peak flow which depend on the population equivalent are all available in this standard code of practice. 3.3 Site Work A site has been identified for the field work data collection. The location of this site is in Tropicana Indah. Approval is still pending from IWK for access to their manholes. 3.3.1 Flow Characteristics Measurement The flow characteristic of a section of sewerage pipe systems can be measured by using a flow meter. This flow meter is provided with sensor which will automatically record the flow, velocity and water height at a specific time interval, which in this case is 5 minutes. Once the measurement is completed, the data from the flow meter will be linked to a computer that has Flowlink4 software. This software would aid the plotting of graphs for the 3 parameters (flow, velocity and height) as well as transfer of data to other software. From the data, the maximum and minimum hourly flow rate can be obtained. The average flow rate can be used to calculate per capita flow. Flow per capita = Average daily flow (m3/day) / Total population equivalent (PE) = m3/day/person The evaluation of peak factor and per capita flow for sewerage can also be done through the data obtained from field experiment. The equations that are used for sewerage design are as follow: a. Peak flow factor = 4.7 ÃÆ'- p-0.11 b. Average daily flow = Flow per capita ÃÆ'- PE = m3/day c. Peak domestic flow = Peak flow factor ÃÆ'- Average daily flow = 4.7 ÃÆ'- p-0.11 ÃÆ'- Flow per capita ÃÆ'- PE = m3/day From MS 1228:1991, the p value is an estimated PE in thousands and the average flow per capita is 225 L/day/person.

The Connection Between AIDS and Homosexuality in Literature :: Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues

     Ã‚  Ã‚   Disease permeates itself through all walks of life.   No one is unaffected by disease and the destruction it brings.   Families destroyed, communities torn apart, and societies in despair.   AIDS has taken its toll on the present society, and everyone is affected.   Much of the literature written on AIDS has tried to capture the disease and give it some form of meaning.   Where it comes from, how one contracts it, and the lifestyle of an AIDS victim many times is addressed in various novels and books.     Many of the authors that write on AIDS write with homosexual themes.   Homosexuality is prevalent in many books about AIDS and the question is why?   According to Les Wright many books with gay characters are written to counteract many of the assumptions made about AIDS and homosexuality.   The gay community is under attack, being invaded by both HIV virus and by the pathognomic counter-contagion of the social diseases of prejudice and hatred. In many narratives gay men respond with fantasies of military counter attack.   The historically disempowered, polluted homosexual turns the tables, identifying mainstream heterosexuals as pathognomically polluted and declaring them evil.   The Homosexuals claims victim status by virtue of the fascism of heterosexual society and casts his moral battle in political terms.   The outsider becomes hero; disease is rendered seemingly value-neutral.   Fire is fought with fire, and paranoia is attacked with paranoia (Wright, 55-57).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In one particular play that deals with the issue of AIDS and homosexuality, the writer shows characters that are different in background but very similar in nature.   The play, Angels in America, A Gay Fantasia on National Themes, written by Tony Kushner, is a tale about gay men dealing with societal values.   In dealing with these values they also encounter the issue of AIDS and how it impacts their lives and impacts the lives of the people around them.   There is a problem with character associating AIDS and its possible connection with homosexuality.   With the main characters, Roy Cohn, Joe Pitt, Louis Ironson, Prior Walter, and Harper Pitt, the reader visits the lives of these characters and learns how each person is affected by homosexuality and AIDS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel The Plague, by Albert Camus, the main character Dr. Rieux is talking to a colleague about the plague.   "Naturally, he said to Rieux, you know what it is... I saw some cases in Paris twenty years ago.

Minimum Legal Drinking Age Essay

Do you believe the drinking age should be lowered to allow eighteen year olds to consume alcohol, or should the legal age to drink alcoholic beverages stay at the age of twenty-one? Prior to 1984 you were, once you turned eighteen, in most states permitted to purchase alcohol. It was completely up to the state government. At age 18 they are legally an adult, and can therefore abide by their own rules and if they make a bad decision they have to pay the price. Why is it that as an adult you are permitted to purchase rifles, tobacco products, you can vote, enlist in the military, go to a casino, get a tattoo, body piercings, get married and even work in a bar but you can’t buy or consume alcohol? When you think of alcohol and eighteen year-olds what generally pops into mind is underage drinking, binge drinking, wild parties and date rape. But that is only the view of the irresponsible side of drinking, just as there is an irresponsible side of drinking at age twenty-one. At age eighteen you should be allowed to purchase or consume alcohol as you please, because you are legally an adult and responsible for your own actions. The Minimum Legal Drinking Age should be lowered to age eighteen. When you turn eighteen in the United States of America you are legally considered an adult. Until the 1984 Minimum Legal Drinking Age act you were allowed (at least in some states) to buy alcohol when you wanted. Subsequently to the passing of that law every state was forced to raise their minimum age to twenty-one. One of the men who voted for the 1984 Minimum Legal Drinking Age act, Morris E. Chafetz, stated that he â€Å"voted for it; it doesn’t work† and goes on to say that â€Å"it is the single most regrettable decision of my entire professional career†: â€Å"The reality is that at age 18 in this country, one is a legal adult. Young people view 21 as utterly arbitrary- which it is. And because the explanation given is so condescending- because they lack maturity and judgment, these same people who can serve on juries and sign contracts and who turned out in overwhelming numbers to elect our first black president- well they dont buy it. And neither do I.† (Chafetz 554-555) The Unites States military is one of the largest in the world, and has many bases and various stations throughout the entire world. At the age of 18 you must (if you are male) sign up for selective service (the draft) and you are eligible to enlist in the military regardless of your gender. Why is it that you can deploy to another country, fight for your country, get shot, lose limbs and have the memories of that with you for the rest of your life, but you can’t purchase alcohol? If you are old enough to risk your life to fight for your country and fight for the freedoms of this country then you should be able to go buy a beer at the bar with your buddies. Jeff Rainforth, a man who ran for congress, said that â€Å"Since the age was raised, many young adults have drunk more abusively than in the past. Like national Prohibition, it was been counter-productive. Raising the drinking age brought about more problems than it solved.† and went on to say that he recommends that is the legal drinking age was not lowered he recommends that military members can not go to combat until age 21. John McCardell, who founded and is now the director of an organization that exists to lower the drinking age back to eighteen, and also started the â€Å"Amethyst Initiative† talks about his solution to the problem. McCardell has credibility on this topic due to the fact that he is a former college professor and president, and is now a vice-chancellor at the University of the South, who has personally seen the way teenagers on a college campus drink and has an idea what will help with this issue. He says â€Å"Alcohol education is what we need.† This would make teenagers aware of the harms of drinking alcohol and reduce the amount of binge drinking that goes on. Lowering the drinking age would teach teenagers moderation. If they are drinking in a controlled setting where they are allowed to drink and don’t have to hide it, they will be more likely to casually drink. McCardell says that the 1984 Minimum Legal Drinking Age law was â€Å"an abysmal failure; it hasn’t reduced or eliminated drinking, it simply driven it underground, behind closed doors, into the most risky and least manageable of settings.† In the â€Å"60 minutes† interview with CBS, the Boulder, Colorado Chief of Police, Mark Beckner is also an advocate for lowering the drinking age to eighteen. He says that â€Å"we can’t stop it. The best we can do is try to contain it.† According to the 2010 National Survey on Drug use and Health, driving under the influence of alcohol was associated with age. The age group with the highest number of infractions(including wrecks) was the twenty-one to twenty-five year-old group at 23.4% of infractions being drunk/having been drinking as opposed to only 15.1% in the eighteen-twenty year-old group and a mere 5.8% in sixteen and seventeen year-olds. As far as fatal crashes go, the highest percent of drunk drivers that were involved in a fatal car crash was the group of 21-24 year olds. 25-34 year olds came in at 30%, 35-44 at 24% and all fatal car crashes of individuals that were above age 44 and below age 21 was only 14%. Driving under the influence of alcohol was associated with age in 2010. The rate was highest among persons aged 21 to 25 (23.4 percent). An estimated 5.8 percent of 16 or 17 year olds and 15.1 percent of 18 to 20 year olds reported driving under the influence of alcohol in the past year. Beyond age 25, these rates showed a general decline with increasing age. Many other western have long had a much more lenient attitude toward alcohol and alcoholic beverages. Many have set their Minimum Legal Drinking Age at 18, some at 16 and some do not even have a Minimum Legal Drinking Age. In many countries, such as Germany, there are very few drunk driving incidents whatsoever. In these countries parents often consume alcoholic beverages with their children, including beer or wine(in countries like France). By the time Europeans are allowed to drive they have been educated on the effects of alcohol and have been consuming alcohol for several years. Safe alcohol consumption should the same way as safe sex practices and drivers education classes. No one us naà ¯ve enough to think that teenagers will practice abstinence to avoid sexual encounters only in order to avoid a sexually transmitted disease, so why are people foolish enough to believe that teens will avoid alcohol just due to it’s dangers? Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age will cause the teens who drink to rebel against their authorities to not drink as much due to it not being rebellious. Until a solution is agreed upon about whether the drinking age should be lowered, or stay at the age of 21, this will remain a controversial topic. Using these strategies in this essay works well to effectively persuade every single viewer that underage drinking is in fact a problem, and is attributed to the current law not allowing people to buy or consume alcohol under the age of 21. Because of the problems that are created because of this current law, it would be in this country’s best interest to lower the drinking age. This would prevent an increased number of alcohol related deaths due to underage binge drinking in the future. These are just a few of the reasons that the Minimum Legal Drinking Age act of 1984 should be repealed and the Minimum Legal Drinking Age should be at age 18. Works Cited Chafetz, Morris E. â€Å"The 21-Year-Old Drinking Age: I Voted For It; It Doesn’t Work.† Good Reasons With Contemporary Arguments. Eds. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. Boston: Longman, 2012. 554-555. Print McCardell, John. â€Å"A Drinking Age of 21 Doesn’t Work.† Good Reasons With Contemporary Arguments. Eds. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. Boston: Longman, 2012. 550-553. Print. â€Å"Issue in Focus: Drinking on College Campuses.† Good Reasons With Contemporary Arguments. Eds. Lester Faigley and Jack Selzer. Boston: Longman, 2012. 548-550. Print. CBSNews. (2010, March 01). The debate on lowering the drinking age. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-18560_162-4813571.html-

Magic And Other Supernatural Occurrences - 1150 Words

In classic works, magic and other supernatural occurrences are given negative connotations. Viewed as wicked and evil, magic has been the antagonist of righteous heroes for many years. Though it has always renounced, in Shakespeare s play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the whimsical nature of magic makes it possible for the character’s fatal flaws to be disregarded and becomes the character’s salvation rather than their demise giving magic a positive connotation. Magic is used to help the characters. This act is done by the fairy character, Oberon. The king of the fairies, at this time in the play, is currently in the process of getting revenge on his wife, Titania, when he eavesdrops on Helena and Demetrius. Moved by Helena’s unrequited love for Demetrius, he tells his servant, Puck: A sweet Athenian Lady is in love With a disdainful youth. Anoint his eyes, But do it when the next thing he espies May be the lady. Thou shalt know the man By the Athenian garments he hath on. Effect it with some care, that he may prove More fond on her than she upon her love; And look thou meet me ere the first cock crow. (II.I.260-266) In these instructions to Puck, Oberon clearly pities Helena, however; what is comical about this scene is the juxtaposition between the use of the love potion for his wife and the use of it for Helena. His departure from his malicious plans prove that magic can have good intentions. 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Magic provides the audience with an escape from reality and the comfort of the play’s unrealistic nature. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, a love potion from a magical flower is used and misused to provide comic relief and resolution to lov e’s difficulties, supernatural ghosts are used to condemn a horrific murdererRead MoreSupernatural, Supernatural And Supernatural1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"Supernatural† is something that defies the laws of physics, and is said to exists above and beyond nature. In early British texts many writers used the supernatural and magical power to enhance their characters being. They made them above others and noble, in a way that no other character was. Reflecting on the different approaches people conduct when they read and analyze literature, there is a multitude of ways that the supernatural can be interpreted. A reader should consider what is supernaturalRead MoreTaking a Look at the Supernatural797 Words   |  3 PagesThe supernatural. A general term used for an event or occurrence in our world that seem to lack any rational explanation or is beyond the understanding of science. For centuries people have been creating myths and legends in order to rationalize the occurrence of things that they did not understand. The supernatural includes a plethora of myths such as: religion, ghosts, reincarnation and even astrology. The supernatural to this day, has been used to fill in the grey area that exists, the areaRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1725 Words   |  7 PagesIn Shakespeare s time, supernatural entities, such as witches or ghosts, were to be feared. It was a point in history of extremely superstitious people, where women were burned at the stake for being accused of using magic. At odds with the beliefs of his time, Shakespeare uses the supernatural in a very logical way, providing a glimpse into his characters unique dispositions through the use of witches, ghosts, or magic to represent their internal thoughts and struggles. Each play deals with corruptionRead MoreThe Fall Of The House Of Usher Literature Analysis826 Words   |  4 PagesStyle uses the power of suggestion and implication when depicting the supernatural, whereas Magical Realism arouses fear and concern in its audience by including supernatural events in modern society. The use of supernatural occurrences, a tool meant to entice the reader, is demonstrated in several gothic classics. For example, â€Å"Terror is present in gothic literature and it suggests but does not explicitly state supernatural/horrific things; it expands the soul of the reader to be more alert inRead MoreSociological and Anthropological Definition of Religion1333 Words   |  5 Pagesbeings turn to magic and religion in order to achieve their ends. Talal Asad concluded that â€Å"there cannot be a universal definition of religion, because its constituent elements and relationships are historically specific and because that definition is itself the historical product of discursive processes† (Segal, The Blackwell Companion to the Study of Religion, 2006, p.5). James George Frazer constructed a universal theory of magic, religion, and society. He believed that magic preceded religionRead MoreA Very Old Man with Enormous Wings and Its Magical Realism Essay663 Words   |   3 PagesRealism is a technique that blends real and supernatural events together to make the supernatural seem real. In Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s â€Å"A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings†, magic really stands out because it contains two very supernatural events. The two major supernatural occurrences in the story are the old man with wings and the girl who has been turned into a spider. The people in the story treat the old man as an oddity, but not as a supernatural oddity: more a freak of nature than somethingRead MoreEssay on Ghost Story of the New Jersey Devil1088 Words   |  5 Pagesare a variety of settings that the story has; however, the most common location that is used when retelling the tale is Leeds Point, NJ, which is in the Pine Barrens region of the state. This tale of the Jersey Devil recounts the existence of a supernatural creature that is said to have terrorized the New Jersey Pine Barrens and surrounding areas for the last 260 years. The teller of this version of the legend is a Caucasian female who is eighteen years of age and attends the University of MarylandRead MoreMagic, Science, And Religion1542 Words   |  7 Pages Magic, science, and religion are culturally constructed concepts that we use as ways of appre hending, comprehending, and interacting to orient ourselves within the world. A world without meaning cannot be interpreted—chaos, a state of complete disorder and confusion, is the most feared idea by humans. The human brain tries to create meaning out of the chaos and meaninglessness of the world in an effort to understand its surroundings. By gaining an understanding of the world and how it functions